資料簡介
簡介
高空大氣閃電影像儀(ISUAL)是福爾摩沙衛星二號(FORMOSAT-2)的一項科學酬載,是世界上第一個可以長期從太空中觀測各種高空短暫發光現象(Transient luminous events, TLEs)的儀器,總目標在於量測高空短暫發光現象的全球分布,建立領先性的統計數據與分析,以及力求太空物理(如高空短暫發光現象、大氣輝光與極光等)前瞻研究的突破,並建立太空級光學量測儀器的規劃、設計、組裝、測試與系統整合的能力。
在科學實驗之進行上,ISUAL初期的任務是以高空短暫發光現象的研究為主,大氣輝光與極光的觀測為輔,規畫完成五項課題:
一、確定高空短暫發光現象的動態演歷及頻譜變化,以解開高空短暫發光現象發生之謎。
二、從事高空短暫發光現象電紫外光(UV)波段之探索,以尋找新物理及未知現象。
三、確定高空短暫發光現象中大氣的離子化程度。
四、建立高空短暫發光現象全球分布統計數據資料庫。
五、建立大氣輝光(Airglow)與極光(Aurora)的觀測資料庫。
重要成果
高空大氣閃電影像儀計畫自1999年開始實行,並在國內外發表多篇期刊論文及會議論文。福衛二號升空之後,已從衛星上觀測到各種高空短暫發光現象(參考下圖),直到2016年福衛二號任務除役為止,記錄了淘氣精靈30642例、紅色精靈2570例、精靈暈盤2171例、巨大噴流123例、藍色噴流5670例,一共有41176例TLEs事件,其中巨大噴流、淘氣精靈與精靈暈盤的數量都是全球之冠。
在唯一可長時間從太空觀測高空短暫發光現象的利器ISUAL加持與團隊成員的努力之下,團隊已從這些珍貴的資料中,分析出重要的科學成果,贏得國際學界的肯定。
ISUAL從太空中,所拍攝的各種TLE影像範例。
儀器設備
ISUAL 有三個主要儀器:
這三個主要儀器是用來記錄各種高空短暫發光現象,並提供高時間解析度的光譜光度以及具有空間解析度的雙波段光度資料。
如您對ISUAL儀器設備感興趣,更多說明可參考高空閃電影像儀-紅色精靈計畫網站的ISUAL技術摘記網頁。ISUAL技術摘記網頁。
特殊事件
福衛二號升空之後,成大ISUAL科學團隊已從衛星上觀測到各種高空短暫發光現象,統計如下:
年份 |
淘氣精靈 |
紅色精靈 |
精靈暈盤 |
藍色噴流 |
巨大噴流 |
總計 |
2004 |
588 |
68 |
67 |
37 |
0 |
760 |
2005 |
1420 |
217 |
165 |
124 |
7 |
1933 |
2006 |
2209 |
200 |
259 |
239 |
5 |
2912 |
2007 |
2650 |
255 |
276 |
398 |
6 |
3585 |
2008 |
2643 |
188 |
163 |
507 |
16 |
3517 |
2009 |
3042 |
261 |
217 |
508 |
16 |
4044 |
2010 |
3193 |
250 |
234 |
697 |
16 |
4390 |
2011 |
3387 |
301 |
259 |
717 |
14 |
4678 |
2012 |
3308 |
217 |
189 |
636 |
15 |
4065 |
2013 |
2800 |
244 |
162 |
610 |
4 |
3820 |
2014 |
2764 |
214 |
123 |
502 |
6 |
3609 |
2015 |
2631 |
145 |
47 |
658 |
17 |
3498 |
2016 |
307 |
10 |
10 |
37 |
1 |
365 |
總計 |
30642 |
2570 |
2171 |
5670 |
123 |
41176 |
資料處理
ISUAL資料格式為CDF格式,平均一天資料量約為100MB,平均一年資料量約為30GB。
ISUAL檔名格式舉例說明如下:
ISUAL資料種類有三種,分別為:
- CCD影像儀-攝取高空發光事件影像及其動態演歷;
- 光譜光度儀(Spectrophotometer, SP)科學數據;
- 陣列光譜儀(Array Photometer, AP)科學數據。
三種資料又依照觀測對象和取樣頻率進行劃分,如下表:
由CCD影像儀得到的影像資料 |
SPR |
紅色精靈影像資料。(參數說明) |
AUR |
極光影像資料。(參數說明) |
由光譜光度儀(SP)得到的數據資料 |
SPF |
取樣頻率20kHz,快速模式(Fast mode)。(參數說明) |
SPS |
取樣頻率2kHz,緩慢模式(Slow mode)。(參數說明) |
由陣列光度儀(AP)得到的數據資料 |
APA |
極光數據資料(取樣頻率200Hz)。(參數說明) |
APS |
紅色精靈高頻數據(取樣頻率20kHz),紅色精靈低頻數據(取樣頻率2kHz)。(參數說明) |
相關文獻
高空大氣閃電影像儀資料的網頁製作,乃是參考高空閃電影像儀-紅色精靈計畫網站,以及下列相關論文,若使用者想獲得更多相關說明,可參考下列論文。
參考文獻
- 陳志隆, 許瑞榮, 蘇漢宗, 陳寬任, 蔡錦俊, 李羅權. 中華二號衛星的科學酬載-高空大氣閃電影像儀的介紹. 物理雙月刊(二十一卷五期), 1999年10月.
- 許瑞榮, 蘇漢宗, 陳炳志, 陳志隆. 福爾摩沙衛星二號科學酬載「高空大氣閃電影像儀」的科學成果 國研科技23期, 2009年7月.
- 許瑞榮, 蘇漢宗, 陳炳志, 郭政靈, 陳志隆. (2009). 高空短暫發光現象的全球分佈與對地球環境的影響 自然科學簡訊第二十一卷第一期.
期刊論文
- S. B. Mende, H. U. Frey, R. L. Rairden, et al. (2002), Fine Structure of Sprites and Proposed Global Observations, COSPAR Colloquia Series, Vol. 14
- H. T. Su, R. R. Hsu, A. B. Chen, et al. (2002), Observation of angel sprites, COSPAR Colloquia Series, Vol. 14
- H. T. Su, R. R. Hsu, A. B. C. Chen, et al. (2002), Observation of sprites over the Asian continent and over oceans around Taiwan, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 29
- J. L. Chern, R. R. Hsu, H. T. Su, et al. (2003), Global survey of upper atmospheric transient luminous events on the ROCSAT-2 satellite, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., Vol. 65
- R. R. Hsu, H. T. Su, A. B. Chen, et al. (2003), Transient luminous events in the vicinity of Taiwan, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., Vol. 65
- J. L. Chern, R. R. Hsu, S. B. Mende, et al. (2003), Global survey of upper atmospheric transient luminous events on the ROCSAT-2 satellite, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., Vol. 65
- R. R. Hsu, H. T. Su, A. B. Chen, et al. (2003), Transient luminous events in the vicinity of Taiwan, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., Vol. 65
- Y. C. Wang, K. Wang, H. T. Su, et al. (2005), Low-latitude ELF-whistlers observed in Taiwan, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 32
- Y. S. Chang, P. S. Chiang, T. H. Huang, et al. (2005), Analyzing ISUAL Spectrophotometer Data Using a Two-Color Diagram Method, J. Korean Astron. Soc., Vol. 38
- Y. C. Wang, R. R. Hsu, H. T. Su, et al. (2005), Ground Observations of Sprites and Other TLEs in Taiwan, J. Korean Astron. Soc., Vol. 38
- H. U. Frey, S. B. Mende, S. A. Cummer, et al. (2005), Beta-type stepped leader of elve-producing lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vo. 32
- C. L. Kuo, R. R. Hsu, A. B. Chen, et al. (2005), Electric fields and electron energies inferred from the ISUAL recorded sprites, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 33
- S. B. Mende, H. U. Frey, R. R. Hsu, et al. (2005), D region ionization by lightning-induced electromagnetic pulses, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 110
- N. Liu, V. P. Pasko, D. H. Burkhardt, et al. (2006), Comparison of results from sprite streamer modeling with spectrophotometric measurements by ISUAL instrument on FORMOSAT-2 satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 33
- Á. Mika, C. Haldoupis, T. Neubert, et al. (2006), Early VLF perturbations observed in association with elves, Ann. Geophys., Vol. 24
- T. Adachi, H. Fukunishi, Y. Takahashi, et al. (2006), Electric field transition between the diffuse and streamer regions of sprites estimated from ISUAL/array photometer measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 33
- S. A. Cummer, H. U. Frey, S. B. Mende, et al. (2006), Simultaneous radio and satellite optical measurements of high-altitude sprite current and lightning continuing current, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 111
- Z. Cheng, S. A. Cummer, H. T. Su, et al. (2007), Broadband very low frequency measurement of D region ionospheric perturbations caused by lightning electromagnetic pulses, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 112
- H. U. Frey, S. B. Mende, S. A. Cummer, et al. (2007), Halos generated by negative cloud-to-ground lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 34
- C. L. Kuo, A. B. Chen, Y. J. Lee, L. Y. Tsai, et al. (2007), Modeling elves observed by FORMOSAT-2 satellite, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 112
- C. F. Enell, E. Arnone, T. Adachi, et al. (2008), Parameterisation of the chemical effect of sprites in the middle atmosphere, Ann. Geophys., Vol. 26
- A. B. Chen, C. L. Kuo, Y. J. Lee, et al. (2008), Global distributions and occurrence rates of transient luminous events, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 113
- T. Adachi, Y. Hiraki, K. Yamamoto, et al. (2008),Electric fields and electron energies in sprites and temporal evolutions of lightning charge moment, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 41
- C. L. Kuo, A. B. Chen, J. K. Chou, et al. (2008), Radiative emission and energy deposition in transient luminous events, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 41
- N. Liu, V. P. Pasko, H. U. Frey, et al. (2009), Assessment of sprite initiating electric fields and quenching altitude of a1Πg state of N2 using sprite streamer modeling and ISUAL spectrophotometric measurements, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 114
- C. L. Kuo, J. K. Chou, L. Y. Tsai, et al. (2009), Discharge processes, electric field, and electron energy in ISUAL-recorded gigantic jets, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 114
- T. Adachi, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Li, et al. (2009), Estimating lightning current moment waveforms from satellite optical measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 36
- P. K. Rajesh, J. Y. Liu, C. Y. Chiang, et al. (2009), First results of the limb imaging of 630.0 nm airglow using FORMOSAT-2/Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightnings, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 114
- K. Wang, S. W. Y. Tam (2010), Analysis of ionospheric electron parameters versus geomagnetic index Dst from RO data of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, GPS Solut, Vol. 14
- J. K. Chou, C. L. Kuo, L. Y. Tsai, et al. (2010), Gigantic jets with negative and positive polarity streamers, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 115
- S. C. Chang, C. L. Kuo, L. J. Lee, et al. (2010), ISUAL far-ultraviolet events, elves, and lightning current, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 115
- L. J. Lee, A. B. Chen, S. C. Chang, et al. (2010), Controlling synoptic-scale factors for the distribution of transient luminous events, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 115
- Y. Takahashi, A. Yoshida, M. Sato, et al. (2010), Absolute optical energy of sprites and its relationship to charge moment of parent lightning discharge based on measurement by ISUAL/AP, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 115
- T. Adachi, M. Yamaoka, M. Yamamoto, et al. (2010), Midnight latitude-altitude distribution of 630 nm airglow in the Asian sector measured with FORMOSAT-2/ISUAL, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 115
- T. Y., Kuo, C. L. Kuo, C. Y. Chiang, et al. (2010), Further investigations of lightning-induced transient emissions in the OH airglow layer, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 115
- J. B. Nee, S. D. Tsai, T. H. Peng, et al. (2010), OH Airglow and Equatorial Variations Observed by ISUAL Instrument on Board the FORMOSAT 2 Satellite, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 21
- C. L. Kuo, S. C. Chang, L. J. Lee, et al. (2011), The 762 nm emissions of sprites, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 116
- T. Adachi, Y. Otsuka, M. Yamaoka, et al. (2011), First satellite-imaging observation of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances by FORMOSAT-2/ISUAL, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 38
- J. K. Chou, L. Y. Tsai, C. L. Kuo, et al. (2011), Optical emissions and behaviors of the blue starters, blue jets, and gigantic jets observed in the Taiwan transient luminous event ground campaign, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 116
- M. L. Hsu, C. H. Lin, R. R. Hsu, et al. (2011), The O I 135.6 nm airglow observations of the midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly by TIMED/GUVI, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 116
- K. Wang, Y. C. Wang, H. T. Su, et al. (2011), Wave mode of the low-latitudinal ELF-whistlers, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 116
- S. M. Huang, C. L. Hsu, A. B. Chen, et al. (2011), Effects of notch-filtering on the ELF sferics and the physical parameters, Radio Sci., Vol. 46
- C. L. Kuo, J. D. Huba, G. Joyce, et al. (2011), Ionosphere plasma bubbles and density variations induced by pre-earthquake rock currents and associated surface charges, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 116
- Y. J. Wu, A. B. Chen, H. H. Hsu, et al. (2012), Occurrence of Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) during El Nino and La Nina, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 39
- A. B. Chen, Y. J. Wu, C. Y. Chiang, et al. (2012), Sensitivity Degradation of ISUAL Instruments and Its Impact on Observations, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 23
- E. Williams, C. L. Kuo, J. Bor, et al. (2012), Resolution of the sprite polarity paradox: The role of halos, Radio Sci., Vol. 47
- C. Z. Cheng, C. Y. Chiang, C. Y. Chiang, et al. (2012), Behavior of substorm auroral arcs and Pi2 waves: implication for the kinetic ballooning instability, Ann. Geophys., Vol. 30
- L. J. Lee, S. M. Huang, J. K. Chou, et al. (2012), Characteristics and generation of secondary jets and secondary gigantic jets, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 117
- V. P. Pasko, Y. Yair, & C. L. Kuo (2012), Lightning Related Transient Luminous Events at High Altitude in the Earth's Atmosphere: Phenomenology, Mechanisms and Effects, Space Sci. Rev., Vol. 168
- C. L. Kuo, T. Y. Huang, S. C. Chang, et al. (2012), Full-kinetic elve model simulations and their comparisons with the ISUAL observed events, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 117
- S. M. Huang, R. R. Hsu, L. J. Lee, et al. (2012), Optical and radio signatures of negative gigantic jets: Cases from Typhoon Lionrock (2010), J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 117
- L. J. Lee, R. R. Hsu, H. T. Su, et al. (2013), Secondary gigantic jets as possible inducers of sprites, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 40
- S. M. Ho, K. Wang, A. B. C. Chen, et al. (2013), The Characteristics of Magnetic Signals Observed at Lulin ELF Station and Their Association with Earthquakes in Taiwan, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 24
- J. Y. Liu, K. Wang, C. H. Chen, et al. (2013), A statistical study on ELF-whistlers/emissions and M >=5.0 earthquakes in Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, Vol. 118
- C. L. Kuo, E. Williams, J. Bór, et al. (2013), Ionization emissions associated with N2+ 1N band in halos without visible sprite streamers, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, Vol. 118
- C. Y. Chiang, T. F. Chang, S. W.-Y. Tam, et al. (2013), Global Observations of the 630-nm Nightglow and Patterns of Brightness Measured by ISUAL, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 24
- P. K. Rajesh, J. Y. Liu, C. H. Lin, et al. (2012), Airglow observation over equatorial and low-latitudes in the extreme solar minimum of 2007-2008, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., Vol. 41
- A. B. Chen, H. T. Su, & R. R. Hsu (2014), Energetics and geographic distribution of elve-producing discharges, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, Vol. 119
- R. A. Marshall, T. Adachi, R.-R. Hsu, et al. (2014), Rare examples of early VLF events observed in association with ISUAL-detected gigantic jets, Radio Sci., Vol. 49
- P. K. Rajesh, C. H. Chen, C. H. Lin, et al. (2014), Low-latitude midnight brightness in 630.0 nm limb observations by FORMOSAT-2/ISUAL, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, Vol. 119
- J. Nee (2014), Observations of non-migrating tides and ionospheric perturbations of O(1D) airglow by ISUAL instrument, Advances in Space Research, Vol. 54
- S. C. Chang, R. R. Hsu, S. M. Huang, et al. (2014), Characteristics of TLE-producing lightning in a coastal thunderstorm, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, Vol. 119
- M. Offroy, T. Farges, P. Gailard, et al. (2015), Multivariate analysis of dim elves from ISUAL observations, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., Vol. 120
- M. Offroy, T. Farges, C. L. Kuo, et al. (2015), Temporal and radiometric statistics on lightning flashes observed from space with the ISUAL spectrophotometer, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., Vol. 120
學生論文
- 陳小芳. (2000). "Angel sprites的研究". 國立成功大學物理系學士論文.
- 李宜蓁. (2000). "紅色精靈的形態與動態分析". 國立成功大學物理系學士論文.
- 蕭文珊. (2002). "地球高空大氣發光現象的影像分析". 國立成功大學物理系學士論文.
- 郭政靈. (2007). "福衛二號科學酬載所觀測到的sprites以及elves的分析". 國立成功大學物理研究所博士論文.
- 蔡禮聿. (2007). "高空短暫發光現象與劇烈天氣的關連性". 國立成功大學物理研究所碩士論文.
- 周容光. (2008). "藍色及巨大噴流等高空短暫發光現象之探討". 國立成功大學物理研究所碩士論文.
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